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The genomic data analysis process involves multiple stages—from quality control of raw sequencing data to alignment, variant calling, functional interpretation, and final reporting. This article explains each step in detail, along with the tools, file formats, and how biological questions are translated into data-driven insights.

What is a Potential Energy Surface? A potential energy surface (PES) is a multidimensional surface that represents the total energy...

This tutorial covers the basic principles of the homology modeling method used to predict the three-dimensional structures of proteins and the implementation steps via the SWISS-MODEL tool. The workflow offered by SWISS-MODEL is explained in five basic steps, from entering the target protein sequence to selecting appropriate templates, from building the model to quality assessment.

AlphaFold2 represents a groundbreaking advancement in protein structure prediction, considered one of artificial intelligence's (AI) most...

Classical Atomic Theory The concept of the atom was first developed by ancient Greek philosophers. It is believed that Leucippus was the...